Roles Of A Fashion Buyer - 2218 Words

Executive Summary The project entailed to take on the role of a fashion buyer, to strategically assess the brand â€Å"Browns Fashion† a family owned business started by Joan Burstein with her husband Sydney in 1970 based at South Molten Street 27, London. The role involved gaining in-depth knowledge about the brand studying the market where the brand operates, to identify customer profile; comprehend closest competition; to analyze key fashion trends and as a result ‘Browns Fusion’ capsule range was developed under the parent brand. Therefore, in order to accomplish, a well-defined research methodology was deployed, consisting primary and secondary research methods. (Such as interview, surveys, observations and online resources) The†¦show more content†¦The Browns fashion has been successfully catering to international clients, with  £4.5 million hits per year and 1,185 transactions per month. The Browns Fashion’s customer profile is quite selective and chic by nature. The customer lifestyle board in the below illustration tells a lot about the customer’s preferences. For instance they prefer travelling to places and enjoy glamorous lifestyle. They love shopping especially at iconic places like Oxford Street, etc. They have a keen interest in fashion, media and arts and overall they share a creative culture. Illustration 1: Customer Lifestyle Board 1.2 SWOT Analysis The table below shows internal auditing of Browns Fashion and the explanation below analyze how the factors highlighting in the SWOT could benefit the fashion buyer or marketing manager to achieve the strategic fit. Table 1: Browns SWOT Analysis 1.2.1 Explanation Observing the intrinsic factors it was analyzed that exclusiveness of product line; having industry finest designers on board and strong industry PR resulted as crux of Browns Fashion. Secondly, being a family owned business allows securing company information and 40 years of business history in London enables to build a strong heritage. Thirdly, the Omni channel operations triggers Push/Pull factors in terms of product offering and entertaining international customers. Unfortunately, less customer traffic, congested store layout, no owned women wearShow MoreRelatedCaroline Le Bon s Fashion Marketing Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesCaroline Le Bon’s Fashion Marketing and Harriet Posner’s Marketing Fashion, defines fashion marketing and its elements. Fashion marketing and advertising is the process of analyzing, developing and marketing current fashion trends to satisfy consumer needs. Both or the readings discuss the role of marketing in the fashion industry and its dif ferences to marketing other products. Fashion products are often trended items, temporary items based on design color, fabric and pattern. Le Bon and PosnerRead MoreZara E-Business672 Words   |  3 PagesExecutive Summary E-business Background Zara, part of Spanish giant Inditex Group, provides clothing products to customers demanding fast fashion that looks like high fashion at lower prices. It has been considered as the most remarkable fast fashion company of the 21st century. In order to understand and analyze the dynamics of the sector and the current state of Zara, Porter’s Five Forces and SWOT analysis will be used. E-Marketing The key elements of Zara’s e-marketing strategy include socialRead MoreVictoria Secret : Keeping the Brand Hot1351 Words   |  6 PagesCompany Case Victorias Secret Pink: Keeping the brand Hot I) Analyze the buyer decision process of a typical Pink customer The buyer decision process of a typical Pink customer can be split into five different stages, which can be found in the text studied. The first stage is for the buyer or to recognize the need for the product for instance in this case  «Ã‚  lingerie  Ã‚ ». Teens and tweens are the main targets for Pinks products ; they are in a hurry to change over to maturity in terms of whatRead MorePart Two – Research. To Become A Wholesale/Retail Buyer1092 Words   |  5 PagesPart Two – Research To become a Wholesale/Retail Buyer for clothing employers usually want applicants with a Bachelor’s degree in Fashion Merchandising or other similar degrees that focus on retail and business to business sales models. While employers do expect that this Bachelor’s degree will provide applicants with a reasonable understanding of how their operations work, there is an expectation that, once hired, applicants will receive a significant amount of on the job training. This is becauseRead MoreTraditional Marketing Is No Longer Working1055 Words   |  4 Pagesconversation between two parts. Fashion blogs as a communication channel have become a really important topic in the Spanish media in recent years. Fashion blogs can help fashion companies to reach out new customers using this new, easy, and inexpensive tool. But they can be used not only as an â€Å"attracting tool† but also as an engagement and customer fidelity tool. We know that in today’s world of clothing retail, internet and social media are playing an important role in helping consumers find theRead MoreWhat is a buying center. Explain how the prcoess of buying center1144 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization the buying center. The buying center is composed of all those individuals and groups who participate in the purchasing from the decision. The buying center includes all members of the organization who play any of seven roles in the purchase decision process. Several roles of organization buying: Initiators: Those who request that something be purchased. They may be users or others in the organization. Users: Those who will use the product or service. In many cases, the users initiate the buyingRead MoreThe Current Internal And External Strategy Of New Look Retailer1645 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategic management has import role in each business. In order to fully understanding in strategic management course, our group has decided to examine and analyse the current internal and external strategy of New Look Retailer Limited, issues that they are facing and, finally conclude with recommendation and the solutions to duel with current problems of New Look fashion retailer. This report will summarize the process of our group to complete the New Look fashion retailer’s case study as well asRead MoreGood News/ Bad News Business Letters858 Words   |  4 PagesFrom: Jackson [mailto:Jackson@clovines.com] Sent: Mon 06/15/2008 3:13 PM To: Rachel Cohen[Rachel.cohen@clovines.com] Cc: Subject: Recommendation for the position of Assistant Buyer Mrs. Cohen, I am pleased to recommend Jennifer Ramirez for the open position as assistant buyer in the women’s sportswear division. Mrs. Ramirez started working for us as a temporary hired sales clerk in the designer sportswear boutique of our main store in Miami during the busy 2006 Christmas seasonRead MoreExternal Analysis1181 Words   |  5 PagesLVMH – Fashion amp; Leather Goods External Analysis Faurum Doshi LVMH Summary LVMH, known as Moà «t Hennessy †¢ Louis Vuitton, is a French conglomerate and the largest producer of luxury goods in the world. LVMH was formed in 1987 with the merger of Moet et Chandon a champagne manufacturer, Hennessy a cognac manufacturer, and Louis Vuitton a fashion house. The LVMH group is comprised over five sectors: Fashion amp; Leather Goods, Wine amp; Spirits, Perfumes amp; Cosmetics, Watches amp;Read MoreEssay about Diesel for Successful Living VF722 Words   |  3 Pagessince they wanted to launch an international brand. That’s why il has the particularity to be pronounced the same worldwide: DIESEL. DIESEL has been seen in many influential fashion magazines such as FHM and Menswear. It was elected â€Å"Fashion Brand of the Year† and â€Å"Advertiser of the Year†. Therefore, Diesel is a major fashion brand. Thanks to the winning campaign â€Å"For Successful Living†, Diesel is seen as a successful brand, creative, dynamic and young brand too. The designers are sent all over the

The Killer Angels Essay - 1365 Words

Wars have been fought for many different reasons through the years, and that holds true for the American Civil War (1861-1865). In Michael Shaaras Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Killer Angels, the reasons for fighting the war are brought about through the officers and soldiers at a famous battle site of the Civil War, Gettysburg. Gettysburg was one of the most documented battles of the whole war. It took place over a span of three days and can be viewed as a turning point from Confederate prominence to Confederate demise. As in any conflict, there are two sides to the story. The Union and the Confederacy each had their own views as to why they were fighting the war. Victors write the history so too often only the Union side is†¦show more content†¦An interesting conflict of Northern morals is discovered. The North is portrayed as wanting to set black men free, but they practiced economic slavery on the Southern states. The Civil War was really more politically compl ex with regards to Abraham Lincoln and his Republican partys actions. The South fought this war as the Second American Revolution. The cause of the South was equated to that of their forefathers who had fought and won their freedom from Great Britain less than 100 years earlier. If it was a war to set men free, it was the Southern farm boy that wanted his freedoms guaranteed under the original constitution. The Northern states politicians were aggressively attempting to implement a monarchial form of government, which was precisely what the early colonists had fought against in the American Revolution. The Northern states were taking advantage of their superior numbers in the federal government and were using their advantage to implement unfair tariffs against the South. Enormous amounts of money were taken from the South and funneled into the Northern states. Most of the revenue taken from the Southern states was used to run government programs. This brought about the argument of States Rights and a weaker central government by the South. The main cause of the war was Lincolns rejection of the right to peaceable secession of the eleven sovereign states and subsequentlyShow MoreRelatedEssay On Killer Angels1776 Words   |  8 PagesKiller Angels is a 1974 historical novel by Michael Shaara. The book tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. The novel is told through the voices of both Union army and Confederate Army of Northern Virginia leaders who were in battle there. The novel is laid out in days and each new chapter for the day gives a number and the name of the man who is the focus of the chapter. In Killer Angels, the Army of Northern Virginia’s demise is highlighted by a few different featuresRead More Killer Angels Essay2541 Words   |  11 Pages The Killer Angels The Battle of Gettysburg brought the dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives the full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped America’s future. Michael Shaara tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of the generals and men involved in the action of the battle. The historical account of the BattleRead MoreKiller Angels Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesKiller Angels The pain, joy, bloodshed, death, and sorrow of the Civil War are all contained in the book called, The Killer Angels. This book will show you the thoughts, feelings and actions of many of the leaders of both armies. By reading this book you will get an in depth view of the bloodiest days of the Civil War. Even if you know absolutely nothing about this war, you can still read and understand everything that is portrayed. This story not only gives you the view of many of theRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1634 Words   |  7 PagesAuthor Background Pulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Shaara, the author of The Killer Angels, was born on June 23, 1928 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was an author of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. Although writing was his passion, Shaara was very athletically successful in high school, winning more awards than any other student in the history of the school for sports such as basketball, track and baseball. He acquired a skill in boxing, and of the 18 matches ShaaraRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Abraham Lincoln1046 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst itself cannot stand.† Lincoln believes that there is no such thing as a balance between free and slave states and that the two contradictory governments are bound to fall. That describes the conflict that occurs in the fictional novel, The Killer Angels, a civil war story between the Union and Confederate states fighting to achieve the government they yearn for. The setting takes place in the midst of the Battle of Gettysburg as the two sides prepare for the fight. The Confederate officers include:Read MoreThe Killer Angels Book Review1641 Words   |  7 PagesKatie Cline The Killer Angels Book Review June 21, 2012 The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara: The Random House Publishing Group, New York, 1974. The Killer Angels is a stunning recollection of the telltale battle of the Civil War: the Battle of Gettysburg. Set from June 29 to July 3, 1863 and told from the vantage points of several soldiers and commanding officers from both sides, including Lee, Longstreet, and Chamberlain, Michael Shaara effectively paints a picture of the war that divided AmericaRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1206 Words   |  5 PagesShawn Gacy American Lit. Mrs. Moyer September 11, 2015 Summer Reading The book I chose to read over the summer was the book The Killer Angels, by Michael Shaara. The Killer Angels tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg. On July 1, 1863, the Confederate army, and the Union army, fought the largest battle of the American Civil War. When the battle ended, fifty one thousand men were KIA (Killed In Action), wounded, or MIA (Missing in Action). All the characters in this book are basedRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Killer Angels is a novel written by Michael Shaara which tells the story of the four day battle of Gettysburg from June 30 and ended July 3, 1863.There were two armies in the novel the Union and the Confederate soliders who eneded up fighting in a town called Gettysburg located in Pennsylvania. In the novel, there are four major characters who were all Generals, General Lee, General Longstreet, General Pickett, and Colonel Chamberlain.The main cause of the war was the confederate wanting to splitRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1117 Words   |  5 Pages Michael Shaara’s 1974 historical novel, The Killer Angels, covers the story of the four days of the Battle of Gettysburg that also features maps for visualization. The format of the story is well organized. It begins with a Foreword, which describes in great detail the armies and soldiers involved in the battle. It follows up with four sections and within each section there are chapters that are written in chronological order, covering the events between Monday, June 29, 1863 and Friday, July 3Read MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1947 Words   |  8 Pagesthe dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives this full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped America’s future. Michael Shaara author of â€Å"The Killer Angels,† tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of generals Robe rt E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford, and the other men involved in the action

Monet Essay Example For Students

Monet Essay CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS. -Central processing unit CPU is the electronic device that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer. -Data is a collection of raw unprocessed figures and symbols computer uses data to create information. -Free ware is software provided at no cost to a user by an individual or company. -Informationis data that is organized meaningful and useful. -Information applianceis a computer with limited functionality whose main propose is to connect to the internet from home. -Information processing cycle. the series of input process, output and storage activities. -Information system hardware software data and people and procedures comprise an information system. -Input devices any hardware component that allows a user to enter data and instructions into a computer. -Outputis data that has been processed into information. Computer process input data into output information. -Kiosk is a freestanding computer usually with touch screen that serves as an input device. -Mainframe is a large expensive very powerful computer that can handle hundreds of users. -Memory is a temporary holding place for data and instructions -Midrange server is more powerful and larger than a workstation. -Multimedia is a power user typically work with multimedia which they combine test graphics sound video and other media elements into one application. -Operating system is a set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all of the activities among the hardware devices. -Peripheral is an external device that attaches to the system unit. -Recoursesnetworks allow users to share recourses such as hardware devices, software programs, data, and information. -Servera computer that manages the recourses on a network. Servers control access to the software, printers and other devices on the network. -Sharewareis a copyright software that is distributed free for trial period. -Softwareis a series of instructions that tells the hardware how to perform tasks. -Storageis an area in a computer that can hold information for future use. -Storage devicesrecords and retrieves items to and from a storage medium. Six of them are floppy disk, a zip drive, hard disk drive, CD-Rom drive, CD-RW and DVD-Rom drive. -System Softwareconsists of the programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices. CHAPTER 2. THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB-Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense. ARPAs goal was to build a network that (1) would allow scientists at different locations to share information and work together on military and scientific projects and (2) could function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster such as a nuclear attack. That network called ARPANET, became functional in September 1969. -Serer is a computer that manages the resources on a network and provides centralized storage area for resources such as programs. -IP Address is a short internet protocol address is a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device. -Domain name is the text version of an IP address eg..www.scsite.com. -Http. Stands of hypertext transfer protocol. CHAPTER 3 APPLICATION SOFTWARE -System software consists of programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices. -Utility program is a type of soft ware that performs a specific task usually related to managing a computer its devices or its programs-Productivity software. Is software that assists people in becoming more effective and efficient while performing daily activities. -Graphics software allows you to create documents called presentation-Integrated software is software that combined application such as word processing spread sheet and dada base. CHAPTER 4 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT. -System unit is a box like case that houses the electronic components of the computer used to process data called chassis. -Central processing unit often called a processor interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 , .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 .postImageUrl , .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 , .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89:hover , .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89:visited , .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89:active { border:0!important; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89:active , .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89 .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff879225261a2f3cbb9ee4b2ee9f7a89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hiv And Aids Essay-Memory is a temporary storage place for data instructions and information. -Expansion slot is an operating or socket where you can insert a circuit board into the motherboard. -Expansion cards expansion ,abapter card adapter card-PORTS keyboard, usb, serial port, monitor, gameport, network, svideo out, tele, mouse, printer, speaker, microphone, FM reception. CHAPTER 8 OPERATING SYSTEM AND UTILITY PROGRAMS. -CATEGORIES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS stand alone =dos, windows 3.x, wind 95, wind nt workstation, windows 98 wind 2000, wind millennium edition, mac os, os/2 warp, unix, linux, NETORK = netware, wind nt server, wind 2000 server, os/2 warp server for e-busniness, CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS. -Central processing unit CPU is the electronic device that interprets and carries out

Quality of Work Life free essay sample

Walton(1974) lists adequate and fair compensation, safe and healthy environment, jobs which are aimed at development using employee’s skills and abilities, growth and security, an environment in which employees develop self-esteem and a sense of identity, protection and respect for employees’ right to privacy, dissent, equity etc, a sensible integration of job career family life and leisure time as the important aspects of QWL Robbins (1989) defined QWL as a process by which an organization responds to employees needs by developing mechanisms to allow them to share fully in making the decisions their design their lives at work. Jerome M Rosow (1975) President of the Work in American Institute has identified seven critical factors which will affect the quality of work life during the years ahead. These are pay, employee benefits, job security, alternative work schedules, occupational stress, participation and democracy in the workplace FACTORS RELATED TO QWL According to Roopali Johri (2005) causes affecting QWL are economic adversity/employment difficulties, management practices (ways of treating employees and giving them opportunities to use their abilities) and job nature (work load, work hours and pay). We will write a custom essay sample on Quality of Work Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The results of the study by Sinha (1980), indicate that higher QWL leads to greater job satisfaction. QWL is positively related to performance and negatively correlated to absenteeism. But no relationship exists between perceived QWL and workers’ age, education and job experience (Guna Seelan Rethinam, Maimunah Ismail, 2008). According to a study by Waheeda Khan, Meena Osmany M. Waseem, Jamia Millia Islamia (2002), QWL was significantly higher among the private sector women employees than their counterparts in the public sector. It also showed that younger group and higher experienced groups had significantly higher perception of QWL than the older and the lower experienced groups. Quality of work life carries different interpretations for different employees in an organization. The relationship between working time (fewer working hours) and job satisfaction is ambiguous, though job satisfaction is positively related to working time flexibility for maintaining a reasonable work-life balance (Robbins, 2005). QWL dimensions are broadly divided into: Classical dimensions and Contemporary dimensions. Classical dimensions include physical working conditions, employees welfare, employee assistance, job factors and financial factors whereas, Contemporary dimensions include collective bargaining, industrial safety and health, grievance redressal procedure, quality circles, work-life balance, workers participation in management etc(Padala, Shanmukha Rao Dr. N. V. S. Suryanarayan,2011). The quality of work that Canadians want rests on four pillars

Cognitive Dissonance

Introduction The term cognitive dissonance which is associated with Leon Festinger came into existence in 1957. It is used to describe a psychologically disturbing state or imbalance that occurs when there is inconsistency about various cognitions on a thing. The most common examples of inconsistent cognitions are the awareness that smoking is harmful to the health, the belief that it is pleasurable and the urge to smoke.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cognitive dissonance motivates actions to reduce dissonance. Cognitive dissonance theory argues that individuals possess cognitive elements about themselves, their past behavior, their beliefs and attitudes and their environments. Consonance is said to occur when one cognitive element follows from another. If one does not follow another, they are said to be dissonant and this creates psychological tension refer red to as cognitive dissonance. Since cognitive dissonance is associated with psychological disturbances, individuals change the dissonant cognitive elements to reduce dissonance. Cognitive dissonance takes place after individuals make decisions and before efforts to reduce dissonance are made. Analysis Most people ask themselves whether the qualities or characteristics of services can influence the possibility of cognitive dissonance. This can be addressed by looking at some of the things that characterise services. They include intangibility, inseparability, lack of faith and perishability. It is believed that these characteristics of services, the marketing problems that emerge and marketing strategies used in dealing with problems encountered cause cognitive dissonance among consumers of services Intangibility leads to lack of protection through patents and makes it difficult to display or communicate services. These problems do not only make marketers uncomfortable but also the consumers. It is more difficult to evaluate services than it is to evaluate goods. As consumers purchase services, they face more risks than the ones they face when purchasing consumer goods. Intangibility therefore increases the difficulty of making the decision to purchase and the perceived risks involved in the process of purchasing . Inseparability poses a challenge in that it forces the customer to be involved in production. It is also a problematic idea in that once customers get involved in production; it becomes difficult to produce services on a mass scale at a central location. In addition, the provider is seen as the service itself, something which is disadvantageous. Dissatisfaction as a result of the services received causes customers to feel responsible for the problem. This is however different when they purchase the goods. Customers play an important role in satisfactory delivery of the service. As a result, they may have more complaints with regard to services than the goods. Special requests by customers may also be associated with varying prices for the same product. Such problems are believed to cause variability in the type of services the customers get thus initiating cognitive dissonance.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perishability implies that it is not possible to keep inventories of services. Charging different prices to different customers is often the strategy used by marketers to avoid losing revenue. In addition, they use contests, coupons and premiums. An increase in the variability of service prices which is a marketing strategy used to respond to perishability increases the likelihood of cognitive dissonance among consumers of perishable goods. Although cognitive dissonance has been discussed in different types of literature, it does not have a reliable scale to measure it. However, it can be assessed using a 22-item sc ale immediately after purchase. In the past, different indirect measures have been used to find out the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. In addition, more direct measures such as physiological measures have also been used. The process of developing a scale for measuring cognitive dissonance starts with an exploration of the cognitive dissonance domain. Since there are various definitions and distinctions of the concept, researchers have attempted to develop a scale that can measure both the cognitve and emotional aspects of dissonance in the post purchase and pre-use phase of consumption. The first stage in the development of the scale is the scale item generation. This involves generating a total pool of more than hundred dissonance items from exploratory research involving four focus groups with consumers. The validity of the content is then assessed by consumer behavior experts who are given the emotional and cognitive definitions of dissonance used in the study. During the pr ocess of scale development, the adequacy with which a specified domain of content is sampled is a major consideration. Scale item generation is followed by the first stage of data collection and purification. Since the first stage alone is not enough, it is followed by the second stage of data collection and purification. These processes are believed to establish important facts associated with cognitive dissonance. Dissonance follows a personal decision but may take place throughout the whole process of decision making and may never disappear completely. Its presence, magnitude and effects should be studied in all stages of the decision making process . Consumer behavior is usually an interesting area to focus on. It involves a clear understanding of the psychology of the buyer and external influences such as culture, reference groups, family and social class. However, it is fortunate that there is basic knowledge about consumer behavior that exists and can be used by industries to make important decisions. Cognitive dissonance theory states that at some points, there are bits of relevant cognitions which may not be consistent with one another.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory appears fascinating to most researchers and practitioners since it presents marketing implications which appear to contradict tradition. For instance, advertising is intended at converting potential customers into buyers and once sales are made, the business comes to an end. Dissonance theory on the other hand implies that the purpose of advertising starts after a consumer buys the product. Advertising only facilitates the attempt to rationalize the choice by the attractiveness of the brand the customer chooses. For instance, companies that advertise their goods are believed to make more sales since reading advertisements instigates the buying behavior. However, the dissonance theory predicts otherwise by arguing that the buyers of a product tend to read advertisements more often than those who do not buy the product. According to cognitive dissonance theory, when one brand is chosen more by customers, its rank position goes upward while the rejected brand goes downwards (Oshikawa, 1969). Conclusion There is the need for more research to be conducted on the area of cognitive dissonance and the ever increasing importance of services. Services have been impacting the world economy in an enormous manner. Earlier reasearchers have also indicated the need to conduct more research on cognitve dissonance. They argue that it is of great concern since majority of consumers exhibit some form of dissonance occasioned by many factors. References Oshikawa, S. (1969) can cognitive dissonance theory explain consumer behavior? Journalof Marketing, 33(4), 44-49. Kansal, P., Bawa, A. (2008) Cognitive Dissonance and the Marketing of Services: Some Issues. Journal of Services Research 8(2), 32-51. Sweeney, J. (2000). Cognitive Dissonance after Purchase. Psychology and Marketing , 17(5), 369-385.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Cognitive Dissonance was written and submitted by user Maxim Casey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomposure that is triggered when one is unable to choose from contradictory views. It occurs in many real life situations where an individual’s behavior conflicts with integral beliefs to his or her self-identity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When a conflict arises between belief and behavior, something should change in order to reduce or eliminate the dissonance (McConnell Brown, 2010). Control There are various strategies that one should apply to minimize cognitive dissonance. This includes paying attention to supportive beliefs that outweigh the dissonant behavior or belief (Fiske, 2010). It also entails the reduction of the utility of the conflicting belief. The other aspect is the adjustment of the conflicting beliefs to align them with other beliefs or behavior. Cognitive dissonance pl ays an important role in making judgments, decisions, and in evaluations (Egan, Santos Bloom, 2007). Arguments on the Impact of Cognitive Dissonance There are two theories related to cognitive dissonance. This includes the theory of cognitive dissonance by Festinger and Carlsmith. The other one is the self-perception theory by Daryl Bem. Of the two, Festinger and Carlsmith have a strong argument on the impact of cognitive dissonance. In self perception theory, Daryl Bem argued that people develop their attitudes by observing their own behavior. This theory does not mention that people experience dissonance, which they later seek to relieve (Nier, 2010). This adds marks to the theory of cognitive dissonance and makes it clear that the self-perception theory cannot account for all the laboratory findings by itself (Sanderson, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the theory of cog nitive dissonance, dissonance is held as an unpleasant tension or a negative drive state, which the individual is motivated to reduce. In one of Festinger and Carlsmith’s experiments, some participants were bribed with one dollar and were asked to lie to another participant about how enjoyable the boring task was. They gave in and rated the task for its enjoyment. There were inconsistencies noted with respect to their attitudes that led to dissonance. The dissonance was noted in the distress of the participants while lying. The other group that was not bribed had an obvious external justification for their behavior and thus suffered less dissonance (Nier, 2010). The theory of cognitive dissonance is well armed to account for any or all laboratory findings by itself. The literature supports the existence of cognitive dissonance. Psychologists have incorporated dissonance into the basic studying processes. The theory of cognitive dissonance has helped students by motivating the m in studies (Martinie, Olive Milland, 2010). In Aronson and Carlsmith’s experiment, the children refused to play with the toy. This was the case even after the withdrawal of the threat. In an experiment by Jack Brehm, cognitive dissonance is shown by the 225 female students as they were making a difficult decision. Still, after one makes a choice between two things, one feels that there is something good about the rejected choice. He or she suffers the opportunity cost of rejecting it. In such a case, the opportunity cost is the dissonant. As suggested by the theory, the research by Aronson and Mills in social psychology hold that dissonance is aroused by an occurrence of an unpleasant activity (Nier, 2010). There is a very good example showing cognitive dissonance among smokers. It has been established that cigarette smoking leads to cancer, and smokers are aware of the risk.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relating this issue with the theory of cognitive dissonance, it can be noted that smokers experience dissonance given their urge to smoke is threatened by the reality that smoking is harmful to their health. The above research and experiments support the theory of cognitive dissonance. References Egan, L. C., Santos, L. R., Bloom, P. (2007). The origins of cognitive dissonance: Evidence from children and monkeys. Psychological Science, 18, 978-983 Fiske, S. T. (2010). Social beings: A core motives approach to social psychology. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley. Martinie, M., Olive, T., Milland, L. (2010). Cognitive dissonance induced by writing a counterattitudinal essay facilitates performance on simple tasks but not on complex tasks that involve working memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 587-594. McConnell, A. R., Brown, C. M. (2010). Dissonance averted: Self-concept organization moderates the effect of hypocr isy on attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 361-366. Nier, J. (2010). Taking sides: Clashing views in social psychology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Sanderson, C. A. (2009). Social psychology. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Cognitive Dissonance was written and submitted by user Abr1l to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Cognitive Dissonance Introduction Organizational or personal set ups often require instances of decision making. Whether made at personal or corporate levels, individuals are faced with instances of making decisions under competitive options.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This condition always presents discomfort in emotions. The uncomfortable emotion that is experienced as a result of having conflicting ideas is called cognitive dissonance. This paper seeks to discuss cognitive dissonance. The paper will look into the theory of cognitive dissonance as well as reactions and concepts that are characteristic of the condition. Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance is a philosophical theory that was developed by Leon Festinger at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century. Cognitive dissonance is based on mental discordance of something happening contrary to the way it is supposed to happen. Leon Festinger established through observation that though inconsistencies were common occurrences in life, they made people to have some sense of discomfort that drove them to correct the inconsistencies. The strength of the drive for corrective measures was also established to be proportional to the extent of inconsistency that was experienced by an individual. Thus, it can be argued that cognitive dissonance establishes the fact that people are not well receptive to inconsistencies, especially when such are aligned to the negative side (Cooper 5). Cognitive Dissonance Theory Leon Festinger who was active in the field of philosophy established and published the cognitive dissonance theory in the year 1957. His theory seemed to be simple and almost non substantial from the outset and was almost disregarded from its presentation. In the theory, Leon just expressed the fact that â€Å"people preferred consistency to inconsistency† (Cooper 6). The term cognition means knowledge that brings the notion of the theory to a mental capacity. This is particularly experienced when an individual is faced with conflicting interests. The state of dissonance can also be caused by an experience that is contrary to a person’s expectations, beliefs or even thoughts (Cooper 6). Development of the Theory The concept of cognitive dissonance gained much of its development following the establishment of Leon’s theory of cognitive dissonance. The theory that did not seem to be so distinct at the onset attracted reactions which initiated studies on the concept of cognitive dissonance.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scholars who were driven by desires to disapprove the theory embarked on a move to gain a deeper understanding of the concepts and that increased the understanding of the concept of the theory thus made a rich contribution to the concept of cognitive dissonance. There were also those scholars who undertook to study the concept on the basis of gaining knowledge. Consequently, the result was a culmination into a wider spread and acceptance of the Leon’s cognitive dissonance theory. Individuals such as Irvin Janis and Milton were known for the opposing the cognitive dissonance theory. The criticisms presented by those who opposed the theory, however, came with proposals of contrary thoughts and presentations that further contributed to the wealth of the aspects of cognitive dissonance concepts. The ideology of cognitive dissonance has been an establishment that was fuelled by the theory formulated by Leon Festinger. The reactions that Leon’s theory enlisted established a basis for further developments that were realized in the philosophical school of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance has since then become a wide topic in psychology (Cooper 28). Concept of Cognitiv e Dissonance Cognitive dissonance has been recognized as a key element in the manner in which people behave. Studies have shown that people put in a lot of effort to help in the reduction or control of cognitive dissonance. The level of inconsistency in an individual’s thoughts is also identified to be related to personality factors. The degree of self dependence of individuals, for instance, relates to the possibility of encountering such inconsistencies as well as the manner in which an individual handles dissonance. People who are characterized by a high level of self independence are, for instance, less likely to encounter dissonance as compared to individuals who are dependent on other people and factors. This is because self independence or self reliance controls external forces that might influence or dictate an individual into cognitive dissonance. Interdependency on the contrary exposes people to a lot of factors and forces that in most cases drives people to conflic ts. The conflict may be with respect to two aspects: some two or more factors may pose a conflicting situation to an individual or an issue may be in conflict with an individual’s ideologies. A person can be faced with two external factors that are completely opposite in terms of their ideological applications. Under such a circumstance, an individual will be in conflict over the handling of the conflicting issue; which one to be resolved and which one to be compromised. A conflict similarly arises when a circumstance poses a conflicting ideology to an individual’s personality. In this case, an individual is forced to be in a situation that he or she believes is contrary to his or her established character (Kim 72).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The response to cognitive dissonance is also influenced, to a great extent, by personality with respect to self dependence. Though individuals who are open to their environment are more susceptible to cognitive conflicts, their exposure to the environment gives them an advantage of approach to dealing with such conflicts. This group can therefore easily deal with arising conflicts to eliminate disturbances. Self concealed individuals are on the contrary less exposed to cognitive dissonance and at the same time weak in handling such issues when they arise. The trend developed by individuals who are not very independent on their environment, in adjusting to their environmental needs as well as solving collective problems around them plays an important role in shaping reactions to cognitive dissonance. Events of dissonance yield attempts by individuals to rise and overcome the posed conflict. Whether in cases of independent individuals or cases that involve individuals with extensive attachments to their environments, the capacity to resolve cognitive dissonance depends on a number of other factors. Factors such as â€Å"needs, desires and goals† and the drive to achieve these factors forms some of the basis of response to cognitive dissonance (Kim 73). When faced with a cognitive dissonance, individuals are forced into attitudes that are contrary to their normal behavior. The circumstance causing the dissonance establishes an imbalance between an individual’s immediate emotions and the inner behavior. A response that is the solution to the conflict is then the attempt to realign an individual’s feelings to the inner being. There are a variety of approaches that individuals employ in their attempts to make resolutions. Consolation has been one of the approaches that individuals use as a means to reconcile themselves with dissenting emotions. An individual who, for instance, receives a benefit out of circumstance leading to the dissonance would, for example, have his or her consolation on the benefits. An individual who does not ga in from an event that leads to the particular dissonance can on the other hand resort to change of emotions as a resolution to their discrepancy between their attitude and their behavior. A case consideration of involvement in criminal activity such as robbery can illustrate the case. An individual who ventures in a robbery exercise and succeeds in stealing a lot of money may not be at ease after the incident but will have the consolation of the money obtained from such activity. A failure to undertake the robbery may leave the same individual with no option other than running away from thoughts of the act as a consolation. This is particularly the case when the individual is somehow remorseful over the activity.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, the move to resolve dissonance involves making sure that the discrepancies between behavior and attitude are reduced or even completely eliminated. There are four basic ways of handling inconsistencies. The first approach is for an individual to change their attitude so as to align it with behavior. Under this approach, the individual can be said to regret the circumstance that led to the inconsistency and is principled to personality. The inconsistency is thus accepted and attitudes transformed from the dissonance into the person’s normal behavior. The approach is more of preservative to an individual’s behavior (Nevid 288). Alternatively, an individual can resort to transforming his or her behavior in order to match that of the induced attitude. In this approach, the individual can be seen as being inclined to the cause of the dissonance. The transformation of an individual’s behavior towards an induced attitude can be due to a number of reasons: th e first reason that can explain this approach is emotional weakness that cannot allow the individual to withstand a transformation. Extreme level of such weakness may lead to loss of self control with the individual being controlled by emotions. A person will then yield to the causes of dissonance with the solution of incorporating such circumstances into his/her life and character. In the case example of a robber above, an individual will under this approach change his or her behavior to accepting the crime. This approach has the effect of transforming a person to new actions towards environmental circumstances. Another approach involves an individual’s provision of reasons for the difference between behavior and attitude. Once a convincing explanation is arrived at, there will be an induced perception of solution to the conflict. The reason may be consolations to bring the behavior in terms with the attitude while the cause of the conflict is left untouched. The approach ca n then be seen as an attempted incorporation of the first two approaches while the event leading to the dissonance remains untouched. It is therefore more of a cover up to the cognitive conflict than a solution. The last approach is a dismissive one of assuming that the conflict does not exist. The individual in conflict will under this approach maintain the status quo of exposure to the source of conflict while at the same time continues to suffer from the effects of such conflicts. A case example of cognitive dissonance in a person who smokes will therefore entail the admission to dangers of smoking which can lead to an individual stopping smoking so as to align his/her behavior with the conviction, change the attitude that smoking is not dangerous and maintain the behavior of smoking, dismiss the conflict on the perception that smoking is not the only source of danger thereby holding to both behavior and attitude or just dismiss any thoughts of the dangers of smoking and continue with the practice. Jeffrey explained that the most important concept of cognitive dissonance was the justification of the effort that was associated with the event in conflict. Jeffrey argued that the level of value attributed to an event was normally associated with the level of effort that was put into the event. Extensive efforts that are employed by an individual to solve cognitive dissonance with respect to aligning behavior and attitudes may then offer them a higher value in the society more than that of offering explanations to sources of the cognitive conflicts or just totally ignoring the conflict (Nevid 288). Vicarious Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance can also be induced in an individual by actions of other parties. When a person in a society witnesses another member undergoing cognitive dissonance, a reaction may be induced in the observer such that emotions are stirred up in the observer as if he/she (the observer) was the one undergoing the observed action. Th e concept of vicarious dissonance rises from the fact that no individual can be completely independent in any given set up. For each and every individual person, there exists an attachment to the society which as a result leads to social influence. The influence could either be directed from the individual to the society or from the society to the individual. An induced concept in a society will, for example, call for varied response by members of such a society. Researches carried out on social groups extensively revealed that a level of dissonance that was exhibited by an individual in a community had a high chance of causing dissonance in other members of the same group. Such studies are historically established; the first of such studies was carried out in the first half off the twentieth century and was on a religious group that believed that the world was to end (Forgas, Cooper and Crano 127). Vicarious cognitive dissonance is also significantly explained by the concept of soc ial identity. Forgas and his co authors established the fact that social identity â€Å"depersonalized self conception and transformed one’s own perception, beliefs, attitudes, feelings and behaviors† (Forgas, Cooper and Crano 127). Social identity makes it possible for an individual to experience cognitive dissonance without necessarily being exposed to the causative agents. Social identity also has the potential to transform an individual through assimilation of the individual. A person possessing particular traits can be naturally assimilated when the individual is exposed to particular practices in the society. Such assimilative moves can drive an individual to transformations that are a result of cognitive dissonance that never affected the individual. Influence of a society on its individual members to adopt a variation in character is another direct concept of vicarious cognitive dissonance. Apart from having the freedom to transform into practices of a tolerant society, there are instances where an individual is forced to transform his or her attitude to be in line with those that are required by the society. Under all these cases, an individual is forced into a transformation that is not a result of a personal act leading to cognitive dissonance (Forgas, Cooper and Crano 128). It was established that vicarious cognitive dissonance was induced in ways that were quiet different from what caused direct dissonance. While direct dissonance was attributed to personal encounters, vicarious cognitive dissonance was based on an individual’s emotions with respect to another person. The perception that a victim suffers from cognitive dissonance plays a significant role in shaping people’s behavior or attitudes. Researches have revealed that vicarious cognitive dissonance was primarily based on empathy rather than fear. People are not influenced by experiences of others on the basis of dangers or negative experiences but on emotional a ttachment to the experience involved. Even though negative impacts of events affect the degree of vicarious dissonance, it does so through influencing empathy (Forgas and Williams 337). Conclusion Studies have been carried out to understand human behavior. One such behavior has been discussed in this article in lengthy. It has been shown that human beings naturally tend to avoid uncomfortable situations such as conflicting situations whereby there is a need for one decision to be made. Cognitive dissonance is an occurrence of conflict of interest in an individual’s thoughts. The dissonance is induced by an occurrence to or about an individual that is characterized with compromise of character. Responses to dissonance can have the effect of resolving the conflict through a variety of transformational measures. Cognitive dissonance can also be acquired vicariously. Works Cited Cooper, Joel. Cognitive dissonance: fifty years of a classic theory. London, UK: SAGE, 2007. Print. Fo rgas, Joseph and Williams, Kipling. The psychology of attitudes and attitude change. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010. Print. Forgas, Joseph., Cooper, Joel and Crano, William. The Social Self: Cognitive, Interpersonal and Intergroup Perspectives. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 2003. Print. Kim, Min. Non-western perspectives on human communication: implications for theory and practice. London, UK: SAGE, 2002. Print. Nevid, Jeffrey. Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. This research paper on Cognitive Dissonance was written and submitted by user Payten G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aaron Burr essays

Aaron Burr essays Aaron Burr was a brilliant man who made numerous contributions to the American Revolution and also led a prosperous life of the battlefield. Aaron Burr was born February 6, 1756 in Newark, New Jersey, he lead a tough child hood, but was still able to receive a great education and make something of it. He was a good soldier who fought hard and accomplished much in the American Revolution. After the war he lived to make even more out of his life. On February 6, 1756 Aaron Burr was born in Newark, New Jersey. Shortly after his birth his sister, Sally Burr was brought into the world. Aaron Burr was the son of Reverend Aaron Burr who was the cofounder and second president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), and Esther Edwards. Both parents died before he was three years old. After his parents death Aaron went to live with his uncle, Reverend Timothy Edwards. In his youth Aaron constantly rebelled against authority. He escaped the strict discipline of his uncles home to enter Princeton as a sophomore in 1769 at the young age of 13. Graduating with honors in 1772, he studied theology and then abandoned it for law. In July of 1775 Matthias Ogden at Cambridge, near Boston, accompanied Burr. Things there were to quiet to suit two adventurous lads like Burr and Ogden, So when they learned that Colonel Benedict Arnold was heading an expedition against Quebec, Burr was quick to volunteer. Aaron Burr first served on Benedict Arnolds Staff, where he was quickly promoted to captain. He then served briefly with George Washington, and later with Gen. Israel Putman. In July 1777, as a lieutenant colonel, Burr took over command of a regiment. In June of 1778 Colonel Burr led his regiment in the Battle of Monmouth, which proved unfortunate for the American forces. Burr was very active in the battle and suffered slight sunstroke. In January of 1779 Burr was transferred to ...

Insurance Risk Securilization Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Insurance Risk Securilization - Thesis Example The insured part of the contract is to promise to pay an amount of money, known as the premium, either once or regular intervals." "Insurance is a device to share the financial losses which might befall on an individual or his family on the happening of special event" (Kaur n.d. p.4). The event can be death of a bread-winner to the family in the case of life insurance, marine-perils in marine insurance, fire in fire insurance and other certain events in general insurance, e.g, theft in burglary insurance, accident in motor insurance, etc. These events may occur any time within the insured period. The insurer has to provide a fixed amount or indemnify the amount of occurred due to the insured perils. Hence, insurers bear a great risk of paying huge amount of fund at any time if the insured peril is occurred. As large as the insured amount and the probability of happening insured peril, the Insurance Risk for insurers is large. Reinsurance is an arrangement whereby an original insurer who has insured a risk insures a part of that risk again with another insurer, that is to say, reinsures a part of the risk in order to diminish his own liability. ... The policyholder is usually not aware that reinsurance has been arranged as no mention is made of it on the policy." Advantages of Reinsurance 1. The original insurer can accept the risk to the extent of his limit. In absence of reinsurance, a person desiring a large amount of insurance will have to take a number of policies from several insurers. The reinsurance contract makes it possible to purchase only one policy from an insurer. 2. Reinsurance makes it possible to accept each risk for the very amount desired by the proposer and to transfer the excess above the 'retention limit' to another insurer. 3. The reinsurance gives the benefit of the greater stability resulting from a widespread of business. By accepting many risks and scaling down, by reinsurance, all those that are larger than the normal carrying capacity of the insurer justifies, certainly in business is substituted for uncertainty through the better application of the law of average. 4. The insurance makes stability in underwriting and consistency in underwriting results over a period. 5. It provides a safeguard against serious effects of conflagration. 6. The reinsurance has the effect of stabilizing income and losses over a period of years. Capital Market The capital markets consist of the markets in which the intermediate and long-term securities of individuals, business firms, and governmental units are issued and traded. Capital markets are frequently subdivided into three parts-the bond market, the mortgage market, and the stock market. On the other word, capital market is the market where "long-term capital is raised by industry and commerce, the government, and local authorities" (Barclays Capital-Campus Recruitment, n.d.). The Glossary of Capital Market states that